BORON - பற்றிய அனைத்து டெக்னிக்கல் தகவல்கள் [00004]

 1. General Information

    - Symbol: B

    - Atomic Number: 5

    - Atomic Weight: 10.81

    - Group: 13 (Boron Group)

    - Period: 2

    - Block: p-block

    - Electron Configuration: [He] 2s² 2p¹

    - Electrons per Shell: 2, 3

2. Physical Properties

    - Phase at STP: Solid

    - Melting Point: 2076°C (3769°F)

    - Boiling Point: 3927°C (7101°F)

    - Density: 2.34 g/cm³

    - Heat of Fusion: 50.2 kJ/mol

    - Heat of Vaporization: 508 kJ/mol

    - Molar Heat Capacity: 11.087 J/(mol·K)

3. Chemical Properties

    - Oxidation States: +3, +2, +1, -1

    - Electronegativity: 2.04 (Pauling scale)

    - Ionization Energies: 1st: 800.6 kJ/mol, 2nd: 2427.1 kJ/mol, 3rd: 3659.7 kJ/mol

    - Covalent Radius: 84 pm

    - Van der Waals Radius: 192 pm

4. Isotopes

    - Boron-10: 19.9% (stable)

    - Boron-11: 80.1% (stable)

    - No significant radioactive isotopes

5. Applications

    - Used in borosilicate glass, which is resistant to thermal shock

    - Essential component in strong neodymium magnets

    - Utilized in detergents, bleaches, and insecticides

    - Used in the semiconductor industry for doping silicon and germanium

    - Important in the production of fiberglass

    - Has applications in the medical field, particularly in cancer treatment with boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT)