Chemical Properties
Formula: CH₃COCH₃
Molar Mass: 58.08 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: Pungent, fruity
Density: 0.7845 g/cm³ (25°C)
Melting Point: -94.9°C (-138.8°F)
Boiling Point: 56.08°C (132.94°F)
Solubility: Miscible in water, benzene, diethyl ether, methanol, chloroform, ethanol
Refractive Index: 1.3588 (20°C)
Viscosity: 0.306 mPa·s (25°C)
Dipole Moment: 2.88 D
Structure
Acetone has a trigonal planar molecular geometry at the central carbon atom (C2) with a dihedral shape. The carbonyl group (C=O) makes it highly polar.
Preparation
Industrial Method: Acetone is primarily produced by the cumene process, where benzene is alkylated with propylene to produce cumene, which is then oxidized by air to produce phenol and acetone.
Laboratory Method: Acetone can be produced by the dry distillation of metal acetates.
Uses
Solvent: Widely used as a solvent for synthetic fibers, plastics, and in the preparation of metal before painting.
Chemical Intermediate: Used in the production of methyl methacrylate and bisphenol A.
Medical: Used as an antiseptic and in pharmaceutical industries.
Cosmetics: Commonly used in nail polish removers and other cosmetic products.
Laboratory: Used as a drying agent and to rinse lab glassware.
Industrial: Employed in the defatting process and in the treatment of acne.
Safety and Hazards
Main Hazards: Highly flammable, causes serious eye irritation, and may cause respiratory irritation.
Hazard Statements: H225 (Highly flammable liquid and vapor), H302 (Harmful if swallowed), H319 (Causes serious eye irritation), H336 (May cause drowsiness or dizziness), H373 (May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure).
Precautionary Statements: P210 (Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. No smoking), P235 (Keep cool), P260 (Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray), P305+P351+P338 (IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing).
NFPA 704 (Fire Diamond): 1 (Health), 3 (Flammability), 0 (Reactivity).
Flash Point: -20°C (-4°F).
Autoignition Temperature: 465°C (869°F).
Explosive Limits: 2.5–12.8%.
Lethal Dose (LD50): 5800 mg/kg (rat, oral), 3000 mg/kg (mouse, oral), 5340 mg/kg (rabbit, oral).
Environmental Impact
Acetone is not considered a significant environmental hazard, but it should be handled with care to prevent contamination and exposure.
Health Effects
Inhalation: Can cause sore throat, cough, headaches, dizziness, confusion, faster pulse, nausea, vomiting, and possible coma.
Skin Contact: May cause irritation and dryness.
Eye Contact: Causes serious eye irritation.
Ingestion: Can cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, and vomiting.
Detection and Measurement
Odorization: Acetone has a distinct, pungent odor that can be detected at low concentrations.
Sensors: Acetone detectors and sensors are used in various industries to monitor and prevent leaks and ensure safety.
Chemical Reactions
Combustion: Acetone undergoes complete combustion in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor:
Keto-Enol Tautomerism: Acetone exhibits keto-enol tautomerism, where it can interconvert between the keto form (CH₃COCH₃) and the enol form (CH₂=C(OH)CH₃).
Industrial Applications
Plastic and Synthetic Fiber Production: Used as a solvent in the production of various plastics and synthetic fibers.
Pharmaceuticals: Used in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
Cosmetics: Used in the formulation of nail polish removers and other cosmetic products.
Laboratory: Used as a solvent and drying agent in various laboratory processes.
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