இணைய தகவல்கள் சேகரிப்பு - PAGE - 1

1. Forebrain (Prosencephalon)

Cerebrum: Responsible for voluntary movements, sensory perception, memory, and emotions. It's also involved in complex functions like reasoning and decision-making.

Frontal Lobe: Controls thinking, planning, problem-solving, and motor functions.

Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory input like touch, pressure, and pain.

Temporal Lobe: Handles auditory information, memory, and language comprehension.

Occipital Lobe: Processes visual information.

Thalamus: Acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals, regulating consciousness and alertness.

Hypothalamus: Maintains homeostasis by regulating hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sleep. It also controls hormone release via the pituitary gland.

Basal Ganglia: Plays a key role in voluntary motor movements, learning, and emotional behaviors.

Limbic System (includes the Hippocampus and Amygdala):

Hippocampus: Essential for memory formation and spatial navigation.

Amygdala: Regulates emotions like fear and pleasure, and processes memory of emotional reactions.

2. Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

Tectum: Handles visual and auditory reflexes.

Tegmentum: Involved in motor control, regulation of consciousness, and processing pain signals.

Substantia Nigra: Facilitates movement and reward pathways (related to dopamine production).

3. Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

Cerebellum: Coordinates balance, posture, and fine motor movements.

Pons: Relays signals between different parts of the brain and assists in motor control and sensory analysis.

Medulla Oblongata: Regulates vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

4. Brainstem

Made up of the Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla, the brainstem controls basic life-supporting functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and sleep-wake cycles.

5. Other Notable Components

Corpus Callosum: Connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, enabling communication between them.

Pituitary Gland: Known as the "master gland," it controls hormone secretion throughout the body.

Pineal Gland: Regulates circadian rhythms by producing melatonin.

Ventricles: Produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid, providing cushioning for the brain.

Each part works in harmony to perform the incredible functions of the human brain. Let me know if you'd like more details on any specific part!

1. Hormones of the Endocrine Glands

• Pituitary Gland (Master Gland):

  • Growth Hormone (GH): Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration.

  • Prolactin: Promotes milk production in breastfeeding mothers.

  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol.

  • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Regulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.

  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.

• Thyroid Gland:

  • Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3): Regulate metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature.

  • Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown.

• Parathyroid Glands:

  • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown.

• Adrenal Glands:

  • Cortisol: Regulates metabolism, reduces inflammation, and helps the body respond to stress.

  • Aldosterone: Regulates blood pressure by controlling sodium and potassium balance.

  • Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and Norepinephrine: Increase heart rate and blood flow during the fight-or-flight response.

2. Hormones of the Pancreas

• Insulin: Lowers blood sugar by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.

• Glucagon: Raises blood sugar by stimulating the liver to release glucose.

• Somatostatin: Inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon.

3. Reproductive Hormones

• Estrogen: Promotes development of female secondary sexual characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle.

• Progesterone: Supports pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle.

• Testosterone: Develops male secondary sexual characteristics and supports sperm production.

4. Other Notable Hormones

• Melatonin (Pineal Gland): Regulates sleep-wake cycles.

• Leptin (Adipose Tissue): Regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger.

• Ghrelin (Stomach): Stimulates hunger.

• Oxytocin (Hypothalamus): Promotes bonding, trust, and uterine contractions during childbirth.

• Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH): Regulates water balance and blood pressure.

Erythropoietin (EPO): Stimulates red blood cell production (produced by the kidneys).

Thymosins: Play a role in the development of T-cells (produced by the thymus gland).

Secretin: Regulates water balance and helps the pancreas release digestive enzymes.

Cholecystokinin (CCK): Stimulates digestion in the small intestine.

Renin and Angiotensin: Help regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.

Adiponectin: Regulates glucose levels and fatty acid breakdown (produced by fat cells).

Endothelin: Involved in constricting blood vessels and regulating blood pressure.