Chemical Properties
Formula: H₃PO₄
Molar Mass: 97.99 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless solid or syrupy liquid
Odor: Odorless
Density: 1.6845 g/cm³ (25°C, 85% solution), 1.834 g/cm³ (solid)
Melting Point: 42.35°C (108.23°F) for anhydrous, 29.32°C (84.78°F) for hemihydrate
Boiling Point: 212°C (414°F) (only water evaporates)
Solubility: Highly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol
Refractive Index: 1.3420 (8.8% w/w aqueous solution), 1.4320 (85% aqueous solution at 25°C)
Viscosity: 2.4–9.4 cP (85% aqueous solution), 147 cP (100%)
Structure
Phosphoric acid has a tetrahedral molecular shape with a central phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It forms three classes of salts corresponding to the replacement of one, two, or three hydrogen atoms.
Production
Wet Process: Produced by reacting phosphate rock with sulfuric acid.
Dry Process: Produced by burning elemental phosphorus to form phosphorus pentoxide, which is then hydrated.
Uses
Fertilizers: Used to make phosphate salts for fertilizers.
Food Industry: Serves as an acidic, fruit-like flavoring in food products.
Dental Cements: Used in the preparation of dental cements.
Industrial: Employed in the sugar and textile industries, and in the preparation of albumin derivatives.
Safety and Hazards
Hazard Statements: H290 (May be corrosive to metals), H314 (Causes severe skin burns and eye damage)
Precautionary Statements: P280 (Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection), P305+P351+P338 (IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing), P310 (Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician)
NFPA 704 (Fire Diamond): 3 (Health), 0 (Flammability), 0 (Reactivity)
Lethal Dose (LD50): 1530 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Environmental Impact
Phosphoric acid is not biodegradable but is generally considered safe for the environment when used appropriately.
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