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Psychological Terms and Their Meanings

1. Abnormal Psychology: The study of unusual patterns of behavior, emotion, and thought.

2. Attachment Theory: A theory describing the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans, especially as it relates to child development.

3. Behaviorism: A theoretical approach that studies observable behaviors, especially those learned through conditioning.

4. Cognition: The mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension, including thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving.

5. Conditioning: A learning process that involves reinforcing or punishing a behavior to make it more or less likely to occur in the future.

6. Consciousness: The state of being aware of and able to think about one's own existence, thoughts, and surroundings.

7. Defense Mechanism: Psychological strategies brought into play by various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image.

8. DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders): A manual published by the American Psychiatric Association that lists different categories of mental disorders and the criteria for diagnosing them.

9. Ego: Part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity.

10. Freudian Slip: An unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings.

11. Humanistic Psychology: An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of the whole person and the uniqueness of each individual.

12. Id: The part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest.

13. Introspection: The examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.

14. Neuroplasticity: The ability of the brain to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.

15. Operant Conditioning: A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

16. Personality: The combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character.

17. Positive Reinforcement: Adding a positive stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

18. Psychoanalysis: A set of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques that aim to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind.

19. Schema: A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information.

20. Superego: The part of a person's mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers.